Time constraints, algorithmic amplification, and insufficient validation procedures all contribute to the spread of false information, which is further facilitated by mainstream news outlets, social media, and scholarly publications. Age, education, income, and internet access are factors that contribute to low digital and health literacy and make people more susceptible to false information. Exponential growth in related research was found by the bibliometric analysis. Health communication and social media; infodemiology and data analysis; COVID-19 and disinformation; public and digital health; vaccine hesitancy; risk and infodemic management; social media conspiracy theories; and crisis communication were the eight research clusters that were found. Multi-source digital disinformation and a disproportionate number of illiterate people are the main causes of infodemics. Enhancing digital and health literacy is still crucial, but fact-checking as a mitigation strategy can be developed by utilizing artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211883725000863?dgcid=rss_sd_all