The study of political and philosophical worldviews that may predispose individuals to radical or extremist beliefs remains an under-explored domain within both the social sciences and philosophy. While ideology itself does not determine behavior, certain belief systems can – under volatile conditions – intersect with identity, grievance, or perceived injustice in ways that heighten susceptibility to extremism.

Below is a list of conceptual frameworks and societal ideologies whose philosophical premises, when isolated from ethical or democratic safeguards, have occasionally been linked to radicalization pathways.

Ideologies & philosophical positions for further analysis:

• Nihilism – A worldview positing that human existence lacks inherent meaning, truth, or value. In its darker expressions, this can foster a sense of despair, detachment, or indifference that may be exploited by radical movements promising existential purpose.
• Anarchism – A political philosophy advocating for stateless societies organized through voluntary cooperation and mutual aid. While fundamentally anti-authoritarian, certain strands (especially insurrectionary or anti-system variants) have been linked to radical or revolutionary activity.
• Insurrectionism – A doctrine encouraging revolt and direct confrontation with perceived oppressive systems. When decontextualized from nonviolent resistance traditions, it may promote destabilization or endorse militant tactics.
• Determinism – The belief that all events are predestined by prior causes, leaving little room for free will. In some interpretations, this can justify harmful behaviors as “inevitable,” eroding individual accountability and agency.
• Relativism – Asserts that concepts such as truth or morality are culturally constructed and not universally fixed. While this encourages plurality and tolerance, it can also blur ethical boundaries or enable ideological justifications for harmful actions.
• Oligarchy – A system where a small, privileged group holds power. This concentration of authority may provoke resistance or alienation among excluded groups and foster environments conducive to radicalization in opposition to perceived elite control.
• Autocracy – Rule by a single individual with unchecked power. Historically, autocracies have often suppressed dissent, fueling counter-movements—some of which escalate into radical or revolutionary opposition.
• Totalitarianism – A regime defined by absolute political control over both public and private life. Totalitarian systems often cultivate rigid ideologies and quash pluralism, creating social conditions that may radicalize both supporters and opponents.
• Fascism – Authoritarian ultranationalism grounded in centralized control, aggressive exclusion, and suppression of dissent. Its glorification of violence, purity, and hierarchy makes it one of the clearest historical examples of ideology linked to organized radical extremism.

This list is not an indictment of these ideas per se, but a call for careful, contextual inquiry into how they function within political typology and psycho-social influence. It is crucial to remember that individuals do not exist as ideologies alone. Identity is multifaceted, and beliefs may be held in tension, contradiction, or moderation. In many cases, ideological conviction exists without leading to destructive behavior. Moreover, societal forces – such as inclusion, access to dialogue, and collective resilience – can prevent adherents from engaging in violence or extremism.

The proposed framework encourages scholars and practitioners to approach these belief systems not with blanket condemnation, but with nuanced inquiry – acknowledging the ethical, aesthetic, and intellectual diversity within each. Some may form the foundation of peaceful activism or philosophical introspection, while others may be co-opted into destructive narratives. The challenge lies in understanding the tipping points, influences, and mediating factors that convert ideas into action.

Thorsten Koch, MA, PgDip
Policyinstitute.net
12 July 2025

(Compiled, before edition, with the aid of Microsoft Copilot)